1. Will America ever elect a woman or a "minority" (which could include race, religion, or sexual orientation) as President?2. Name a woman and/or a "minority" individual you would like to see become President. As a non-American I can probably best answer this by referring to the international precedents that you mentioned in your preamble.
I think a woman is pretty likely in the next 15 years or so. It might be cool to see Hillary Clinton stand against a Republican woman (Condy Rice?) for the next presidential election, but I'm not sure how likely that is. Still, Clinton would still be young enough to run in 2012 or even 2016, so maybe it might happen.
I say this because there is plenty of international precendent in first world democracies (and elsewhere, right into poorer countries) for women presidents and prime ministers, going back some years. Examples would incude Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, Corazon Aquino, Benazir Bhutto, and Helen Clark. It remians to be seen, but Angela Merkel may yet lead Germany. There are enough examples that we can see that female leaders are as likely to be good (or bad, or corrupt - Ms Bhutto take note!) as their male counteparts.
On minority religion, race, and sexual orientation, there are fewer international precedents.
Off the top of my head, the only first world
religious minority I can think of was Benjamin Disraeli as British Prime Minister in the 19th Century, and he was a converted Christian, and despite his "Jewish" looks he was white, so he doesn't really count as a racial minority leader.
The only
racial minority leader I can think of was the Japanese guy who was President of Chile (?) in the 1980s/90s. I don't think there has been one yet in the first world (unless Disraeli counts, and that was a LOONG time ago).
And, as far as I know, there have been no
homosexual elected leaders in any
modern state - certainly not openly homosexual. The ancient Greeks probably had a few, and some English Kings may have been privately gay, but this doesn't really mean anything for gay politicians today.
There are quite a few openly gay MPs at Westminster now. Maybe not so many that they reflect the wider population, but there are certainly prominent members (absolutely no pun intended) on both sides of the house that are openly gay, and it doesn't seem to have harmed their careers. (Where their careers
have been harmed, it's usually by not toeing the government line, or by being dishonest about their government business. Yes, you, Mr Mandelson.) Maybe Britain will have a gay PM at some point in the next 30 years?
Going back to America, and the debate questions, I think it's pretty likely there will be a
woman president inside the next 20-30 years.
There may be a
racial minority president inside the next 50 years, and my guess is that he or she will be Hispanic. However, given the projected demographic prediction of Hispanic majority inside that time frame, it may well be the case that the first racial minority president in US history will be a WASP.
As for gays, I don't think that there will be an openly gay president in my lifetime. For goodness' sake, even the liberal debauchery that is Hollywood doesn't think America can cope with openly gay American actors (though it doesn't seem to mind foreign gay actors too much). Out gay actors either have to settle for playing camp their whole careers, or they have to leave America (e.g.
John Barrowman, who maybe isn't the best example since he was born in the UK, and has a British partner, but I reckon if it was easy for him to stay who he is and make a career in America where he grew up, he'd be doing it.) I can't think of single major American actor making his living in Hollywood who is openly gay, and the only one I've ever even heard of - Rock Hudson - was only outed when his AIDS was already killing him.
So I don't see any likelihood of a gay president this century, if even then.