Your data is a bit dated, DA.
Although UNICEF has not updated its report (it only issued one report, in 2003, which recorded 2002 education levels), the data it used was from TIMMS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study).
In the newest TIMMS survey, the US is improving:
U.S. Students Show Slight Improvement in Math, Science AchievementQUOTE
In December 2004, the TIMSS released results from its 2003 assessments. Of the 46 countries that participated in the eighth-grade tests, U.S. students ranked ninth in science achievement and 15th in mathematics achievement. On the fourth-grade tests, in which 25 countries took part, U.S. students ranked sixth in science and 12th in math.
Despite this data, I believe the US is underachieving.
Why is the US underachieving? I believe the answer is more cultural than educational. The US spends more money per capita on education than almost any other nation (it is fifth in primary school government spending per pupil
link). The US is second in per pupil spending for secondary education
link.This is an interesting tidbit: the percentage of 20 year olds who are still in secondary education (i.e. high school):
link. In Denmark, which spends the most on secondary education, 34% of 20 year-olds are still in high school. Perhaps this is a definition problem, I don't know. But in almost every Northern European country, upwards of 20% of the 20 year olds are still in the secondary education system.
In a similar vein, a look at tertiary education (i.e. college) is interesting. 41% of American 19-year olds are in college (tertiary education). That ranks third in the world, behind only Greece and Belgium.
linkThere may definitely be some differences in the definitions used for these statistics. They are interesting, however.
There remains a culture problem in the US, however. I was speaking with a buddy of mine about the freedom of choices that today's students have. College graduates are coming out of college with degrees in Interior Design and Photography degrees in larger and larger numbers. Maybe it's just me, but I don't feel that these types of "degrees" lead to much progress for the nation. In other countries, there is an emphasis on education because they are either forced into it (Korea, Singapore, increasingly China) or because there is real need for a technical degree to get anywhere. I highly doubt a graduate in Korea is going to get ahead with a degree in Interior Design.
The freedoms we have here are actually stifling progress. Since we have so much wealth, wealth is no longer striven for. Instead, it is taken for granted. You can earn a living through Interior Design not because of an inherent need for such individuals, but simply because people have money to pay such an individual and will do so to "one up" the Joneses.
With the accumulation of wealth in the United States, people can afford more luxuries, which includes doing jobs which are not "essential" to a less well-off country.
The same attitude shows itself in sports and other activities that kids participate in here in the US. Sports are now a structured baby-sitting regimen instead of something kids love to do. They do them because their parents make them. The parents' motives, however, are more and more self-serving rather than sacrificial. Parents want more free time and so they send their kids to activities.
The bottom line is that things are easy in the United States, which makes it easy to "skate by". Be that a non-technical degree such as Art History (how many Art historians do we really need, anyway?), or the choice to slide by in school, it has become easy to avoid hard work and still live a decent life. In other countries, education is a necessity of life, in the United States, it has become a luxury.
The second reason is what I hinted at earlier: parents. Parents are showing an increasingly disturbing lack-of-interest in their kids' education. I know that in the private (Catholic) school my kids attend, the single reason that they outperform other schools (even other private schools) is parental involvement. Parents who don't care about education raise children who don't care about education. It is becoming way too common.
Are the education programs to blame, should they be changed? Education programs have been adapted to meet the expectations of the parents. If the parents are happy with the schools, then everything is peachy keen. Unfortunately, even good schools are falling behind globally because of the lack of expectations. Low expectations lead to low results. It's funny, but you usually hit what you aim for.
Should we adopt an educational style like that of Finland, Canada, Japan, or S. Korea or would this not work either? I am not familiar with the systems in these countries. I did read that University students in Finland often spend 7-8 years there, all on the public dime. It is a different paradigm which is probably not widely exportable, but who knows?
The bigger hurdle, in my eyes, is the cultural one.