in the western 11 states, 73% of publicly owned land is leased for grazing. Approximately 2000 large ranchers have leases that cover about 74-78% of federally leased grazing lands (data from a 1992 US Government Accounting Office study).
Something from Oregon State UQUOTE
Overgrazing has adverse consequences for:
(1) The sustainability of livestock production on these lands.
(2) The ecological diversity and balance of these fragile, semi-arid grassland ecosystems. Very few substantial remnants of native grassland systems remain, most having been very altered by current and past livestock grazing.
(3) Riparian areas and waterways (as described in "Should cows chew...") A 1990 EPA analysis reports that western riparian areas are in the "worst condition in history."
(4) Availability of forage for native animals. There is competition between livestock and some native animals for food. Livestock operators often claim that, since livestock are making satisfactory weight gains, wildlife must be doing fine too (i.e., there must be plenty of forage out there). This claim ignores the fact that livestock are ecological generalists while many wildlife species (e.g., many birds such as quail) are more specialized in their dietary requirements. That is, cattle weight gain can be fine while wildlife species are starving because of different dietary needs.
(5) Diseases in native wildlife species. Diseases of livestock can affect natives -- e.g. big horn sheep populations crash now and then from disease borne by domestic sheep.
(6) Availability of water sources. Range "improvements" like water troughs often divert water from natural springs and creeks, and pose difficulties for wildlife that depended on natural wet areas. Watering systems also spread the impact of cattle to places previously inhabited by wildlife.
(7) Predator populations, which can be depleted by predator control programs. These programs have consequences not only for the predator populations themselves, but for populations of the prey that they formerly regulated.
QUOTE
The Federal lease rate charged to ranchers is $1.35 (2000) (used to be $1.97) per AUM (AUM = animal unit month = area (or amount of forage) used by one cow or 5 sheep or 1 cow+calf or one horse for a month). This works out to about 5 cents per day (about what it costs to feed a hamster).
(The formula for calculating lease rates takes the market price of meat into account; rates are lower when prices are low.)
In contrast, the private lease rate in the 11 western states is on the order of $9 per AUM or more! In Orgon the private lease rate in 1993 was $9.75 per AUM when the federal rate was $1.97 per AUM. (This private rate in Oregon was for nonirrigated land, and in many states, the rate is higher.) In many cases, rates charged by states are even higher (up to $22 per AUM).
Private and state lease rates seem closer to pricing the resource according to its true value.
Basically, low lease rates provide a major federal subsidy for ranchers who use these lands, and a subsidy that, in many (but not all!) cases, results in degraded land.
Americans consume far too much protein. It's not that beef is necessarily bad, just that we eat far more beef than is healthy (on average).
Pheeler, I have also read
Fast Food Nation. Good book.